Reflect how power is exercised in organisation in relation to moral values The WritePass Journal

Reflect how power is exercised in organisation in relation to moral values Abstract: Reflect how power is exercised in organisation in relation to moral values Abstract:IntroductionReferenceRelated Abstract: The purpose of this essay is to reflect how power is exercised in organisation in relation to moral values.   Also to discuss in detail in term of culture, motivation and strategy. Introduction Management has become very difficult in the organisation as the organisation tries its best to fit in the competitive market and defend its position.   Good appearance, reputation and the work of the organisation depend on its management performing different function.   The main function of management in an organisation is planning, organizing, leading and controlling describe by Annon(2009) Planning is important in an organisation as it provide the design of desired future position and the means of bringing about future position in order to accomplish its organization objectives.   For example thinking before doing the task in order to solve problems. Organizing is important in an organization as it help to organize all resources   before in hand to put in practise.   Leading is another important function of management this involve manager to control and supervise the actions of the staff.   This help manger to support the staff in achieving their organisation goals and also completing their own goals can be powered by motivation, communication and department leadership.   Controlling is the follow up process of examining performance and taking corrective action as required. Management focus on the organisation goals of short and long term.   Management is the managerial process of forming strategic vision, objective, setting strategy goal and then implementing and executing the strategy. The next part of this essay section will discuss Strategy, what are strategy and how it is delivered and why.     Motivation, what is motivation and element of motivation.   Culture, what is culture and what culture exist in organisation and market.   And finally the essay will reflect how power is exercised in organisation in relation to moral values. Scholes and Johnson (2008:10) describe ‘Strategy is the direction and scope of the organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment, through its configuration of its resources and competences, with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations’.   This indicate strategy about where is the business heading in long term direction.   Which business is compete so the market can compete.   And how can the business perform better in the markets.   Which resources are needed to compete?   For example, resources are skills, finance and assets etc.   Three levels of strategy exist in the organisation and they are called Corporate Strategy, Business unit Strategy and Operational Strategy.   Corporate strategy is when its purpose and scope of the business meet stakeholder expectations.   This is important because it’s influenced by investor in the business.   Business Unit strategy is how a business can be successful in p articular market.   This involves is making decision, about the product, needs of customers and create new opportunity.   Finally Operational strategy is how each level of business is organised in order to deliver the corporate and business unit level strategic direction. Strategies are managed by taking strategic decision.   Strategic management process involves three main components they are called Strategic Analysis, Strategic Choice and Strategic implementation (see appendix 5). The first one components strategic analysis is analysing the strength of the businesses’ position and considering the external factors which may influence the position.   The process of strategic analysis is assessed by a number of tools, there are Pest Analysis which is a techniques use for understanding the environment in how a business operate.   Scenario planning is a technique which builds plausible view of future business.   Five Forces analysis is a techniques in identifying the five forces which has been affected the level of competition in the market.     Market segmentation is a technique which used to identify differences and similarities between users or customers.   Direction policy matrix is another technique which used to summarise the competitive strength in business. Competitor Analysis is analyzing the business overall competitive position.   Critical success factor analysis is used to identify the areas of which business need to outperform the competition, to be successful.   Swot analysis is used to summarising the key issues in business in internal position and external position. The second components strategic management is strategic choice this involve understanding the nature of stakeholder opportunity, by identify the strategic option. The third component is strategy implementation this is used when a strategy is analysed and selected the task and then used into organisation action. Motivation processes in a work place set the tone of the organisation goals.   In the organisation it plays an important role towards on its individual person and job performance, job satisfaction, productivity and leadership.   In general in the work place it is not solely responsible for the motivation of the individual but the leadership within the organisation face the challenges of understanding the motivation processes.   The challenge is not just the understanding of the different motivation process or theories, however in order to improve the motivation process of each individual in the organization. The important part is to understand how motivation works on its person itself.   For example in order for manger to communicate with their employee, they need to identify with their needs on an individual basis (Gawel 1997) (see appendix 1).   This is statement is very alike to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (see appendix 2), which states five basic needs that must be met in order to achieve full motivation.   These needs, in ascending order, are as follows: physiological, security, love and belongingness, esteem and self-respect, and self-actualization (Gawel, 1997).     Each of these needs details a very important issue in motivation inside the home environment and outside. Maslow’s first need of physiological sufficiency is very basic.   This issue simply asks if the person is comfortable in their environment.      That is, are they hungry, too cold, too hot? If a person’s physical environment does not match appropriately with the person’s need, he or she will not be motivated to learn or to achieve any specific goals.   Similarly, if the person does not feel safe (via the second need, security), they will not focus on working or do anything that they want.   If a person feels threatened by another member of staff or family person, he or she will not be able to progress as well as the person want to.   In order to avoid feeling of danger, a manager or a family person should show protection and love which is the third hierarchal need, as Maslow mentioned.   For example a person in the workplace must feel safe and invited in the organisation for the person to achieve organisational goals. In Maslow’s fourth need, esteem, for example a manger must be careful not to criticism too much and not to praise a lot.   The person need to feels as they deserve praise in order for them to assimilate hard work with praise, and criticism, even when applied correctly, can damage person’ feelings.   For example, In order to avoid this, the manager must use appropriate criticism and praise with suitable language.   To achieve any of the previous four needs may not be motivated to continue in the home environment or in the organisation environment setting because of the connotations of frustration and distrust. Culture is describe by Kunda (1992:8) as ‘’ within an organisational setting culture is generally viewed as the shared rule governing cognitive and effective aspects of membership in an organisation and the means whereby they are shared and expressed’’.   The two schools of thought of organisational culture are managerial and social science perspective.   For example the managerial believe that culture is promoted and influenced by management team or leader in order to produce one performance to improve culture.   The social science perspective, that believe culture as an ambiguous product of the shared experience between the individual, mainly developed in an ad hoc fashion resulting in fragmented micro culture elements within the organisation. The managerial views is that Edgar Schein, who describe organisational culture as â€Å"both a dynamic phenomenon that surrounds us at all times, being constantly enacted and created by our interactions with others and shaped by leadership behaviour, and a set of structures, routines, rules, and norms that guide and constrain behaviour†.   (Schein, 2004:1). â€Å"In the managerial literature there is often the implication that having a culture is necessary for effective performance, and that the stronger the culture, the more effective the organization’ (Schein, 2004:7).   Therefore understanding of organisational cultures the higher the potential for the organizational achievement.   If agreeing on the managerial perspective, then organisational culture is used as a tool for supporting the values of the employees with objective and values of the company.   This help to increase motivation, productivity and excellence.   Many companies see culture as a strategy for unique themselves from other company.   For example when separating when recruiting to win business other organization believe the culture provide ‘the shared rules governing cognitive and affective aspects of membership in an organisation, and the means whereby they are shaped and expressed (Kunda, 1992: 8).   For example culture provide a way for i ndividual to derive meaning from their environment which has affect on behaviour.   Culture is important as ‘the glue holding the organisation together’ (Avlesson 2002: 7). Organisation culture consist three part which are called Artefacts, values and basic Assumption which are describe by Schiens (1985) (see appendix 4).   Artefacts take on the symbolic meaning of organisation values.   Values form another part of organisation culture.   When a company faces a disaster, the leader of the organisational must formulate a plan to avoid all danger faced.   As the company become successful obtaining the plan it then become a shared values of the company.   As the disaster happen again in future, the company will reuse this plan or achievement to avoid failure.   Once success the values become an underlying assumption of the company or organisation.   These assumptions form the basic core of all organisation culture.   These are difficult to understand because they are rarely articulated.   To determine the assumption of organisation one must be immersed in the culture and its organisation.   Underlying assumption marked through the views , emotions and behaviour of the member of the company.   For example if an idea is in position and is not obey the rule to the underlying assumptions of an organisation then the whole idea has failed or rejected. There are different types of organizational culture that exist and they are called Power culture, Role culture, Achievement Culture and Support Culture describe by Martin (2006).  Ã‚   Power culture is power in a charismatic leader.   The person leader act positively and creativities, and its best intention for the organisation.   A lot of demands from the organisation staffs.   Motivation is a not a problem because the expectation are reliability is recognised and rewarded.   Power culture can produce inefficient organisation, for example a task to be done need to be approval by everyone.   Role culture is where clear objective, goals and procedure exist.   The organisation staff is assess on how the person meet these objective and goals.   An achievement culture is when the employee work hard in order to achieve goals.   This generally consists of highly motivated people and do not need any supervise.   Support culture is small number of employee who support and trust each other.   This way everyone will co operates and make sure that everyone is working together on the idea or task and ensure there is no conflict. Power is defined by Alvesson and   Deetz, (2000:125:26) â€Å"†¦Ã ° quÐ µstÃ'â€"on of who gÐ µts thÐ µÃ'â€"r wÐ °y, how oftÐ µn thÐ µy gÐ µt thÐ µÃ'â€"r wÐ °y Ð °nd ovÐ µr whÐ °t Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs thÐ µy gÐ µt thÐ µÃ'â€"r wÐ °y†.   Therefore power can only be worked through use of power resources.   Power resources described by Jackson and Carter (2000:625) are those things which bestow the means through which the behaviour of others may be influenced and modified.   Scott (1997:121:36) points, that these resources can be available through either personal possession or through an organisational position allowing access to them, and thus the way in which power can be utilized can also be either personal or professional. The relationship between power and authority in an organisation, is important that power can be seen to to bÐ µ Ð µxÐ µrcÃ'â€"sÐ µd Ã'â€"n whÐ °t Ð °rÐ µ rÐ µgÐ °rdÐ µd Ð °s lÐ µgÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ wÐ °ys, but thÐ µ wÐ °ys Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch thÃ'â€"s lÐ µgÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"mÐ °cy cÐ °n bÐ µ mÐ °xÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ã'â€"s the subjÐ µct of somÐ µ dÐ µbÐ °tÐ µ.   As MÃ'â€"ntzbÐ µrg, AhlstrÐ °nd and LÐ °mpÐ µl ( 1998:123:33) discussed, the relationship between the power and authority â€Å"   While power cÐ °n bÐ µ dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µd Ð °s thÐ µ Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty to Ã'â€"nfluÐ µncÐ µ thÐ µ bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"or of othÐ µrs, Ð °uthorÃ'â€"ty cÐ °n bÐ µ undÐ µrstood Ð °s thÐ µ rÃ'â€"ght to do so†.   Weber (1978), a German sociologist and political economist, fÐ °mously outlÃ'â€"nÐ µd thrÐ µÃ µ kÃ'â€"nds of Ð °dmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"strÐ °tÃ'â€"on: customÐ °ry Ð °uthorÃ'â€"ty, chÐ °rÃ'â€"smÐ °tÃ'â€"c Ð °dmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"strÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ð °nd rÐ °t Ã'â€"onÐ °l-lÐ µgÐ °l Ð °uthorÃ'â€"ty.   TrÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð °uthorÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"s bÐ °sÐ µd upon rÐ µspÐ µct for long Ð µstÐ °blÃ'â€"shÐ µd customs Ð °nd trÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons, Ð °nd doÐ µs not Ð °pply, to nowaday orgÐ °nÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"ons. SÐ µcondly, chÐ °rÃ'â€"smÐ °tÃ'â€"c Ð °uthorÃ'â€"ty dÐ µpÐ µnds upon thÐ µ powÐ µr of Ð °n Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µr Ð °nd hÃ'â€"s or hÐ µr chÐ °rÃ'â€"smÐ °tÃ'â€"c or lÐ µÃ °dÐ µrshÃ'â€"p quÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs.   ThÃ'â€"rdly, lÐ °wful rÐ µÃ °sonÐ °blÐ µ Ð °dmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"strÐ °tÃ'â€"on opÐ µrÐ °tÐ µs through prÐ µscrÃ'â€"bÐ µd Ð °nd clÐ µÃ °rly dÐ µfÃ'â€"nÐ µd rulÐ µs, Ð °nd hÐ °s Ð °s Ã'â€"ts bÐ °sÃ'â€"s Ð ° Ð µstÐ µÃ µm for Ð ° rulÐ µ of lÐ °w.   ThÃ'â€"s indicate   thÐ °t thosÐ µ who workout powÐ µr do so wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n Ð ° structurÐ µ of offÃ'â€"cÐ µ thÐ °t hÐ °s clearly strict rulÐ µs.   In Ð µÃ °ch of thÐ µsÐ µ sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'†"ons, Max WÐ µbÐ µr plÐ °cÐ µs forwÐ °rd thÐ µ vÃ'â€"Ð µw thÐ °t Ð °dmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"strÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"s lÐ µgÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ, Ã'â€"f Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s rÐ µgÐ °rdÐ µd by thosÐ µ subjÐ µct to Ã'â€"t, Ð °s bÐ µÃ'â€"ng so.   (JÐ °ckson and CÐ °rtÐ µr, (2000: 598:625)). Another study on power is discussed by Beetham (1991) who has attempted to develop this alternative concept of legitimacy around the exercise of power.   Beetham (1991) define legitimacy, as Weber stated, as nothing more than a belief in legitimacy is to ignore some key issues.   Beetham (1991:19), proposed that simply because people believe in legitimacy of power does not mean that this power was acquired or exercised in a legitimate fashion.   Therefore he stated that â€Å"those power to be fully legitimate, then three conditions are required, its conformity to express consent of the subordinate to the specific relations of power † (   Beetham (1991:19)).   This indicated that the workout of legitimate authority force powerfully on the developement of trust in the organsiations.   Seond condition is which authority is excerised in a transparent and legitimate manner, this mean the development of trust by agreed to rule. Thrid condition is adjusting the rule by r eferences to shared belief, this indicated that shared belief need to focus on development of trust , organisation in order to improve working relationship of the employee. The relations between trust in the organisation, is to understand the relationship between beliefs and the creation of information able to undertake.   Knowledge management practitioners have recognised the development of trust in the organisational environment as being â€Å"key† to the success of development of a knowledge sharing culture.   The word beliefs is regarded as an essential condition in the organisation of the work practices and the effective use of resources.   As Scott (1997:121:36) argued that the cornerstome for any effective collaborative work practices is the development of high trust relationships between related parties and only in this way can the exchange of knowledge be really effective.   This indicates creating trust in the organisational environment is a key aspect of effective knowledge management practice.   In future if authority in an organisation is exercised in a legitimate fashion, then trust is more likely to follow.   If trust e xists then power resources will be used for future goals than individual goals, and as knowledge is a power resource, exercise knowledge flows will therefore be greatly improved and benefit to the organisation. The relationship between the exercise of legitimate authority and the development of trust in the organisational environment, is about creating trust and also creating trustworthiness.   Hardin (2002:30), proposes that: CrÐ µÃ °tÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nstÃ'â€"tutÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t hÐ µlp sÐ µcurÐ µ, trustworthÃ'â€"nÐ µss thus helps to support or induce trust.   This indicated that creating organisations, trust and trustworthiness is as important as if none of is used then there is no point creating organisation.   Beetham (1991) outline three points of development of trust that is creating organisations in which authority is exercised in a transparent and legitimate manner.   This indicated to relate the development of trust by agreeing to established rules, secondly adjusting the rules by reference to shared beliefs, this indicated that shared beliefs should be focus on development of trust, in working relationship in an organisation.   Lastly consent of the subordinate to the p articular relations of power.   This suggest that when an employee agreed to work for the company in return for a pay and benefits package. One of the important issues is reputation of the organisation which is another resource.   Every organisation struggles for having an excellent reputation and be second to none in the market.   For example an organisation having a good reputation as a reliable partner and manufacture of quality product will likely to have more customers and the company, than having low reputation even if its production is as qualitative.   Therefore evaluating the performance criteria of the company and speaking about the work its management, overall show that the reputation of the organisation is a very significant way. The purpose of this essay is to reflect how power is exercised in organisation in relation to moral values.   Also to discuss in detail in term of culture, motivation and strategy. Reference Books Alvesson M. and Deetz S. (2000) Doing Critical Management Research. London: Sage. Beetham D, (1991) The legitimation of power. London: Macmillan Education. Hardin, R. (2002), Trust and Trustworthiness, New York,Russell Sage Foundation. Kunda, G. (1992) Engineering Culture: Control and Commitment in a High-Tech Corporation, Temple University Press Jackson N. and Carter P. (2000) Rethinking Organizational Behaviour. London: Prentice Hall. Martin, J. (2006) That’s the Way We Do Things Around Here†.   An Overview of Organizational Culture.   Available on   www.southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v07n01/martin_m01.htm. [Accessed on 13 April 2011] Mintzberg H., Ahlstrand B. and Lampel J. (1998) Strategy Safari. London: Prentice Hall. Schein, E. (2004) Organizational Culture and Leadership, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Scott J. (1997) Corporate Business and Capitalist Classes. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. Weber, M. (1978), in Roth G, Wittich C, (Eds),Economy and Society, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, Vol. 1/2.

Conjugating the French Verb Réfléchir

Conjugating the French Verb Rà ©flà ©chir Rà ©flà ©cher  is the verb that means to reflect or to think in French. Its a rather easy one to remember because it resembles the English word reflect. French students will also be happy to know that this is a pretty easy verb conjugation. After this lesson, youll know the most basic ways to use  rà ©flà ©chir  in the present, past, and future tenses. The Basic Conjugations of  Rà ©flà ©chir Verb conjugations allow us to give French verbs like rà ©flà ©chir meanings such as I reflected in the past tense or she is reflecting in the present tense. While French does make you memorize more forms of each verb than English does, you can use what youve already learned with other verbs to study this one. Rà ©flà ©chir  is a  regular -ir verb, so it uses a very common conjugation pattern that tells us which ending to use. First, however, you must recognize the verb stem:  rà ©flà ©ch-. Using that and the chart below, find the correct ending by looking for the subject pronoun and the tense that matches your subject. For example, I am reflecting is  je rà ©flà ©chis  and we will reflect is  nous rà ©flà ©chirons. Present Future Imperfect je rà ©flà ©chis rà ©flà ©chirai rà ©flà ©chissais tu rà ©flà ©chis rà ©flà ©chiras rà ©flà ©chissais il rà ©flà ©chit rà ©flà ©chira rà ©flà ©chissait nous rà ©flà ©chissons rà ©flà ©chirons rà ©flà ©chissions vous rà ©flà ©chissez rà ©flà ©chirez rà ©flà ©chissiez ils rà ©flà ©chissent rà ©flà ©chiront rà ©flà ©chissaient The Present Participle of  Rà ©flà ©chir The present participle of rà ©flà ©chir is formed by adding -ssant to the verb stem. This results in the word rà ©flà ©chissant. Rà ©flà ©chir  in the Compound Past Tense For the past tense, you can use the imperfect, though the passà © composà © is a good option as well. Its a compound that requires you to conjugate the auxiliary verb avoir to the present tense, then attach the past participle rà ©flà ©chi. For example, I thought is jai rà ©flà ©chi and we thought is nous avons rà ©flà ©chi. More Simple Conjugations of  Rà ©flà ©chir While the conjugations above should be your first priority because theyre used most often, there are a few more you may need to know. For instance, the subjunctive is used when you have a question about the act of thinking. Likewise,  the conditional says that someone will think only if something else also happens. Though theyre not used as often, it is a good idea to also know the passà © simple  and  the imperfect subjunctive. Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je rà ©flà ©chisse rà ©flà ©chirais rà ©flà ©chis rà ©flà ©chisse tu rà ©flà ©chisses rà ©flà ©chirais rà ©flà ©chis rà ©flà ©chisses il rà ©flà ©chisse rà ©flà ©chirait rà ©flà ©chit rà ©flà ©chà ®t nous rà ©flà ©chissions rà ©flà ©chirions rà ©flà ©chà ®mes rà ©flà ©chissions vous rà ©flà ©chissiez rà ©flà ©chiriez rà ©flà ©chà ®tes rà ©flà ©chissiez ils rà ©flà ©chissent rà ©flà ©chiraient rà ©flà ©chirent rà ©flà ©chissent If you need to use  rà ©flà ©chir  in short commands or requests,  the imperative form  is useful. This is the one instance when its perfectly acceptable to skip the subject pronoun. You can shorten  nous rà ©flà ©chissons  to  rà ©flà ©chissons. Imperative (tu) rà ©flà ©chis (nous) rà ©flà ©chissons (vous) rà ©flà ©chissez

Substance Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Substance Abuse - Essay Example The reach of substance abuse also extends to schools, communities, health and welfare agencies, the justice systems and to society at large. We all shoulder the costs (Beverly Conyers, 2003). Children of substance abusers suffer the most, from direct effects on their physical and mental health to influences on their own use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs. The family's role in the development and results of substance abuse is unique: it suffers some of the direst consequences and holds the potential of the most powerful protective influences against it. A focus on families is critical to understanding and preventing the destructive intergenerational cycle of substance abuse and addiction. Alcoholism and drug abuse often are referred to as family diseases because the serious negative consequences of addiction and the importance of recovery affect not only the substance abuser but also all members of the family. There are certain reasons as to why people start substance abuse (Pauline G. Boss, 2001). Parents and family members can have an enormous positive impact on children's substance-use decisions and behavior. No protection is absolute, but parents hold the greatest number of tools and have the greatest opportunity to shape children's choices when it comes to trying and continuing to use cigarettes, alcohol and drugs. People are spending more years unmarried. ... Increase in divorce The recent trend shows that the number of divorce have increased over time. Parental divorce can have an important impact on a child's risk for substance use. For example, teens with divorced parents are 50 percent likelier to drink alcohol than teens with married parents. Increase in single parent families Children who grow up in two-parent homes are at lower risk for any kind of drug abuse than children who grow up in single parent homes. Families today are equally likely or more likely to be comprised of childless couples with two careers, single parent families or cohabiting couples with children than they are of the 'typical' family of years past. Increase in Economic disadvantage The financial condition of a family can lead a person to substance abuse. The increase in single-parent families has served to broaden the economic inequality across households, often with single-mothers comprising the poorer end of this spectrum. However its still not clear that the relationship between substance abuse and economic condition is very strong. To fit in a group of friends Children or teens when moving around places and cities due to the professional life of a parent or due to any other reason, make new friends everywhere. The new friends might be doing substance abuse hence to fit in with them the children have to be like them that is to do substance abuse otherwise they are not included in the group. Peer pressure Peer pressure is a major reason for children doing substance abuse. The peers call children names and tease them about not doing substance abuse. The children usually don't like being called names and being teased by others. Hence to prove the others

Why should we stay in Afghanistan Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why should we stay in Afghanistan - Thesis Example orted the Taliban against Soviet Union to make this world uni-polar and now with China threatening to become a super power, staying back would mean US will have more control over the region. Furthermore, Pakistan blames US involvement for the unrest in its country and China supports Pakistan’s claims and wants US to go. Whereas, India pressures NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan, to keep Pakistan engaged at the western border leaving its side to lesser happenings (Bosco, 2012). Considering Osama Bin Ladin was present in Pakistan, and was killed by American Marines in a covert operation in Abbotabad raises questions on its â€Å"ally† status with US against the war on terrorism, as it failed to provide the intel on bin Ladin. Furthermore, President Karzai’s government is incompetent and very corrupt, with an inefficient army that is unable to preserve a secure Afghanistan (Bosco, 2012). If America leaves Afghanistan in this state, there will be political unrest in the country, giving rise to a Taliban insurgency once again. This will bring back same political and security conditions before US hit Afghanistan, and will fail to accomplish what they had aimed, a safer world free of Al-Qaeda. Then there is a threat that if US were to leave Afghanistan abruptly, the resulting Taliban government will commence a mass murder, like the withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam (Woodward, 2011). It is feared that the number of civilians slaughtered by the Talibans would exceed the â€Å"killings of 2 million Cambodian civilians by Cambodia’s uncontrolled communist potentate, Pol Pot† (Austin Bay, Express-News columnist, 2012). The primary argument in favour of leaving Afghanistan is that the US got involved with Afghanistan for two purposes. Drive Taliban out of Afghanistan and end the imposing threat to world peace; secondly, dissipate Al-Qaeda networks and end terrorist threats and attacks on America. They have succeeded in achieving both (Bandow, 2012). Secondly, the

The Best Things :: Essays Papers

The Best Things Recently, there has been a television commercial that has the saying â€Å"there are some things money can’t buy.† The story â€Å"The Practical Heart† by Allan Gurganus could be used for this ad. It is about a wealthy family who is forced into poverty when they visit America. Her family heritage, the way in which she gets the painting, and the painting itself are all factors in Muriel restoring her family dignity. Muriel’s family heritage is a factor because without it dignity is not there to be restored. They lived on a seven-acre compound called â€Å"Sunnyside.† Sunnyside had a big stone house and an orchard. The father was a writer and Professor who had published four books. He was educated by tutors at his home. He was skilled in Greek and Latin and could recite three-day's worth of poetry. Muriel, the eldest daughter, was a child prodigy on the piano and had received excellent notices. All of this is a reason for Muriel to have the portrait done. Her family is now living in poverty and is looked down upon by people who should be looking up. By having the portrait done, the dignity the family once had can be restored. â€Å"He saved you, and, with you, redeemed your clan’s tarnished dignity†(39). Muriel sees that Sargent can capture the truth in his paintings and believes that he will be able to capture the true beauty inside her. The way in which Muriel goes about getting the painting is also a factor because it is the only way to achieve her goal. Muriel saves and sacrifices for years in order to have the means to visit Sargent. When she is finally able to go, she knows that she must conduct herself in a manner that gives respect to the great artist. â€Å"Knowing they would need the added respectability its notepaper afforded†(47), she stays in the village’s best hotel. She tours churches to give the appearance of not travelling all the way only for the painting. She wears her best clothes and converses with Sargent knowingly. She plays the part of someone who is worthy of being painted by the great one. Had Muriel not gone about it in the manner she did, the painting would never have came to be. The Best Things :: Essays Papers The Best Things Recently, there has been a television commercial that has the saying â€Å"there are some things money can’t buy.† The story â€Å"The Practical Heart† by Allan Gurganus could be used for this ad. It is about a wealthy family who is forced into poverty when they visit America. Her family heritage, the way in which she gets the painting, and the painting itself are all factors in Muriel restoring her family dignity. Muriel’s family heritage is a factor because without it dignity is not there to be restored. They lived on a seven-acre compound called â€Å"Sunnyside.† Sunnyside had a big stone house and an orchard. The father was a writer and Professor who had published four books. He was educated by tutors at his home. He was skilled in Greek and Latin and could recite three-day's worth of poetry. Muriel, the eldest daughter, was a child prodigy on the piano and had received excellent notices. All of this is a reason for Muriel to have the portrait done. Her family is now living in poverty and is looked down upon by people who should be looking up. By having the portrait done, the dignity the family once had can be restored. â€Å"He saved you, and, with you, redeemed your clan’s tarnished dignity†(39). Muriel sees that Sargent can capture the truth in his paintings and believes that he will be able to capture the true beauty inside her. The way in which Muriel goes about getting the painting is also a factor because it is the only way to achieve her goal. Muriel saves and sacrifices for years in order to have the means to visit Sargent. When she is finally able to go, she knows that she must conduct herself in a manner that gives respect to the great artist. â€Å"Knowing they would need the added respectability its notepaper afforded†(47), she stays in the village’s best hotel. She tours churches to give the appearance of not travelling all the way only for the painting. She wears her best clothes and converses with Sargent knowingly. She plays the part of someone who is worthy of being painted by the great one. Had Muriel not gone about it in the manner she did, the painting would never have came to be.

The Development of Jig in “Hills Like White Elephants”

In Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† Jig undergoes a transformation enabling her to realize and declare her own feelings. At the story’s beginning Jig is passive, unaware of her own feelings, and in the habit of looking to the American direction. She soon comes to realize her own desires and struggles to assert herself for the first time. The story is structured around the two sides of the valley, the division symbolizing the opposition between the American’s values and Jig’s. The two sides of the valley of the Ebro represent two ways of life, one a sterile perpetuation of the aimless hedonism the couple have been pursuing, the other a participation in life in its full natural sense† (Renner, 32). On one side are the values associated with abortion, and on the other are the values associated with having the child. â€Å"In this setting, then, Hemingway works out the story’s conflict, which revolves around the development o f his female character† (28).The dialogue between Jig and the American about hills and drinks â€Å"is in actuality an articulated but decisive struggle over whether they continue to live the sterile, self-indulgent, decadent life preferred by [the American] or elect to have the child that Jig is carrying and settle down to a conventional but, in Jig’s view, rewarding, fruitful, and peaceful life† (Holladay, 1).The American argues adamantly for the abortion while Jig, being accustomed to doing what he wants, â€Å"has not yet developed the mechanism to know what she wants, much less to articulate it. Thus she cannot forthrightly contest her companion’s urging, but neither, because of what is at stake in this case, can she stifle her own feelings† (Renner, 29). Up until this point the American has been the leader of the couple’s relationship, managing their life together in a manner consistent with his own desires.At the beginning of the story , the couple is sitting at a table on one side of the station, â€Å"facing out toward the hills on the same side of the valley,† the side â€Å"associated with the barrenness and sterility both of the implications of going through with an abortion and of the current state of the couple’s relationship† (Renner, 30). Jig looks at the hills on this side of the station, noting that they look like white elephants.A white elephant, in a North American cultural context, â€Å"is not only a rare and sacred creature, but also a metaphor for an expensive and burdensome property†¦the burden at issue in this story is the unborn child† (Link, 67). The American responds that he has never seen a white elephant. â€Å"No, you wouldn’t have,† Jig replies. â€Å"To Jig, the unborn child she carries is eminently, painfully real; to the American it is a concept, an abstraction, and too expensive to keep† (Wyche, 59). Jig goes on to say, â€Å"That ’s all we do, isn’t it – look at things and try new drinks? This statement articulates â€Å"an increasing awareness of the emptiness of the couple’s lifestyle to date† (60). Jig stands up and walks to the other end of the station, â€Å"effectively [distancing] herself from the influence of her male companion and [enabling] herself, evidently for the first time, to realize what is in her own mind† (Renner, 32). She is now able to see the other side of the valley, â€Å"the fields of grain and trees along the banks of the Ebro,† and the river, which are representative of the values associated with having the child.Jig rejoins the American at the table, once again facing the â€Å"the hills on the dry side of the valley. † She tries to convince the American that her pregnancy could be meaningful for them, and that they could get along even with a child. The American â€Å"resumes his double talk, assuring her that he will go al ong with what she wants while stubbornly pressuring her to do what he wants† (Renner, 33). Pushed to her breaking point, Jig finally â€Å"explodes with real feeling. Even though she still does not state in direct terms her feeling that there can be more to life than their aimless hedonism, she†¦. vidently for the first time†¦[asserts] herself openly against the American† (33). â€Å"Would you please please please please please please please stop talking? † Jig no longer wants to hear what the American has to say, demonstrating her â€Å"increasing awareness†¦of the man’s self-centered and insecure motivation for pursuing the abortion† (Rankin, 235). She is resisting both â€Å"what he wants for their relationship and the hypocrisy of his efforts to persuade her† (Renner, 33), as she realizes it is the â€Å"unencumbered sexual playhouse† that the American is selfishly trying to reserve. The American takes carries their bags to the other side of the station, and upon his return asks Jig if she feels better. â€Å"I feel fine,† she responds. â€Å"There’s nothing wrong with me. I feel fine. † â€Å"The absolute straightforwardness of the last line, a line that incidentally coincides with Jig’s own dramatic epiphany† (Rankin, 234) may well â€Å"imply her realization that there is something wrong with her companion† (Renner, 40).By the conclusion of the story, â€Å"the relationship between Jig and the American has been effectively destroyed† (Wyche, 70). However, â€Å"we see the result of her development toward self-realization: the reluctant and still somewhat resentful capitulation of her male companion† (Renner, 28). Once the â€Å"stereotypical passive female, not even knowing her own mind,† Jig finds herself no longer able to â€Å"drift along in mindless accompaniment† (37) and breaks free from her conditioned deference to assert her own feelings to the American.

Abraham Maslow and His Theory on the Hierachy of Needs Essay

Abraham Maslow and His Theory on the Hierachy of Needs Born April1,1908 Abraham Maslow was the oldest of seven children born to his parents in Brooklyn New York. Feeling pressure from his parents to achieve academic greatness, Abraham went through early childhood with few friends. Focusing mainly on his studies Maslow had a quiet and unfulfilling adolescence. Abraham started off his college career by attending city college in New York were he began to study law, as his father had wanted him to do. He soon lost interest and transferred to the University of Wisconsin and studied psychology. Here Maslow received, in 1934, his Ph.D. During his college career Abraham married his cousin Bertha Goodman, his parents did not approve†¦show more content†¦these needs which must be reached are illustrated in the pyramid below. At the bottom of the pyramid is the physiological needs those basic needs which ensure our survival. Water when we are thirsty, food when we are hungry, the ability of our body to produce protein and sugars for muscle development. These are the needs felt by all living creation not just humans, therefore the simplest. You could say these are our basic instincts. Then when these needs are met, we are able to move up the next rung of the ladder. So know that I am not going to starve to death, I now am concerned about being killed. These are my safety and security needs. A person buys a house so he will be protected from the elements, we put locks on our doors so that no one can come in. And it is not just a matter of keeping your body safe, but also your hopes and dreams. People seek stability, for this they put money away for there retirement. This is why we have rules and laws put into place, so that there might be limits and social order. So when our physical needs are met we then find something else to be concurred with fear. And when over come our anxieties we then divert our attention to that which other people think of us. Belonging needs are the next to be met on the pyramid. There you sit in your hous e, nice and safe, your fat and happy . What do you need now? Somebody to share your bounty and safety with. Belonging needs our those feelings youShow MoreRelatedThe Maslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pages Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Submitted by: Deepali Kotecha (student number: 4288370) Submitted to: Mr Simon Bishop Date: 14th November 2016 Introduction to management University of Nottingham First year coursework Table of contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Introduction Running and managing a successful company requires strenuous efforts. Organisations are forced to be flexible, efficient and productive to excel at their performance. ThisRead MoreEssay on Maslow Hierarchy of Needs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs This essay study is about Maslows school of thought. Maslows hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels. I liked the way he differed from traditional psychologists. For example, he studied happy, high performing people to learn more about what they had in common. Maslows main contributions to psychology were the founding of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology in 1961. There were many occurrences during his lifetime thatRead MoreThe Purpose Of Behavior Management Policies Within Educational Settings1281 Words   |  6 Pagessettings. It will analyse developmental differences and environmental influences, which may affect both the cause and management of children’s behaviour in real life settings, linking to theories of leadership and behaviour management. Finally, this essay will conclude by reflecting upon the most effective methods and theories of behaviour management, in relation to children and adults within educational environments. Human behaviour is a complex issue concerned with observable traits such as observableRead MoreDiscovering Obstacles Hindering College Graduation1328 Words   |  6 Pagesthe issue of college success now lies within the central realm of scholarly research, with numerous scholars applying previously known psychological theories to education, including Kurt Lewin’s force-field analysis model, Abraham Maslow’s need reduction theory for motivation, and the self-efficacy and attribution theories. Together, these theories have provided a framework to discover the obstacles students face upon entering the collegiate environment and how to overcome them, in order to makeRead MoreTheories of Development1202 Words   |  5 Pagespractice is affected by theories of development which are written by many physcologists who have studied children and ways in which they develop. They have many varied ideas about how children learn. The physcologists have proposed different theories that they claim to explain children’s learning and how important the nature versus nurture argument is. Some of the physcologists and their theories are outlined in this essay. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Jean Piaget’s theory was that children learnRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesworkers. Leaders need to create willingness amongst the employees to operate at their highest potential; this willingness is referred to as motivation. This report is based on a content/needs theory of motivation (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs). It consists of two pieces of primary research on the theory. The first one summarises worker motivation on selected construction sites in Bangkok and the second one is a study of Ethnic differences and motivation based on Maslow’s Theory on Iranian EmployeesRead MoreMaslows Hierarchy of Needs Essay1247 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslow proposed a theory concerning human motivations that was based upon a hierarchy of needs. Basic physiological drives like thirst, hunger and sleep, as well as the need for safety, shelter and some feeling of security are the motivational needs that must first be met. They provide the foundation for higher level of motivations to become present and available as needs the indvidual is aroused to attain. Each higher order of motivational need is built upon a more basic need. After physiologicalRead MoreThe Role Of Scientific Management Theory On Human Relations1780 Words   |  8 Pages 2.2 Organisational Behaviour Essay OSIZEMETE ILEGOGIE STUDENT ID – 1421185 SMITHSONS TRAVEL ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR `Scientific management theory helps to improve an businesses workload by frequently improving the efficiency of task completion by implementing scientific and mathematical analysis. The main goal was to stop waste, increase the work and methods of production, and create a perfect way of distribution of goods and thus the end results servedRead MoreCase Analysis : Big Pharma1067 Words   |  5 Pagesestablishing a sound mission statement that pays homage to the high ethical standards that son of the founder, George W. Merck, strove towards in building the Merck name (Lyon and Ulmer, p. 351). Gilmartine channels his inner Abraham Maslow in creating a culture around the Hierachy of Needs, (Zaremba, p.52) by encouraging employees to publicize their good deeds to â€Å"make sure the stakeholders know about the company’s good work,† (Lyons and Ulmer, p. 352). As some of it was great, most of the historyRead More Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Education Essay2005 Words   |  9 PagesHierarchy of Needs and Education Walk through any school and one fact becomes strikingly clear, every student is different. Living conditions, health, and confidence are a few of the factors that vary dramatically from student to student. However, one commonality can be detected among all learners, they all have needs. Although many individuals might disagree on the importance of these needs, the needs themselves are apparent. One psychological theory, developed by Abraham Maslow, is that our